肺痿、肺痹与肺间质纤维化证候认识

弥漫性肺间质疾病是一类以弥漫性肺泡炎症和肺间质纤维化为基本病理改变的疾病总称,其中特发性肺间质纤维化是一类慢性进展、预后差、病死率高的特发性间质性肺炎。结缔组织疾病亦可造成肺损伤而出现肺间质纤维化的表现,症状均以咳、痰、喘等为主。现代中医学者认为肺间质纤维化当归属于中医学的肺痹、肺痿、喘证等范畴。古代文献中对肺痿的认识基于《金匮要略》,其证候特点以肺胃气阴两虚为主,亦可见肺气虚冷;肺痹则是尊崇《内经》中"五脏痹"的理论,主要证候特点为肺气闭阻;而肺间质纤维化的现代研究则表明其证候特点多以气虚为本、瘀血为标。因此,二者分别代表了肺纤维化的不同阶段和(或)不同证候特点,即肺纤维化患者表现出气阴两虚、虚热灼肺或肺气虚冷的证候特点可参照肺痿论治,若表现为肺气闭阻之实证特点则当以肺痹论治。     

持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者腹膜炎发生的危险因素分析

目的探讨非卧床腹膜透析患者腹膜炎发生的危险因素。方法选取我院2017年1月至2018年12月收治的慢性肾衰竭持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者260例作为研究对象,采用一般情况调查问卷收集患者信息,统计记录腹膜炎发生情况,采用多因素logistic回归分析确定腹膜炎发生的影响因素。结果 260例患者中发生腹膜炎的73例,占28. 08%;多因素logistic回归分析显示腹膜炎发生的独立危险因素有高龄、低文化水平、合并糖尿病、透析时长、总蛋白(TP)水平下降、血钙(Ca)水平下降。结论我院慢性肾衰竭持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者相关性腹膜炎发生率为28. 08%,腹膜炎发生独立危险因素为高龄、低文化水平、伴有糖尿病、透析时间长、总蛋白水平下降、血钙水平下降,结合危险因素制定防范干预措施非常重要。     

Aortitis and periaortitis: The puzzling spectrum of inflammatory aortic diseases

Aortitis and periaortitis are inflammatory diseases of the aorta and its main branches; they differ in the extension of inflammation, which is confined to the aortic wall in aortitis, and spreads to the periaortic space in periaortitis. Aortitis is classified as non-infectious or infectious. Non-infectious aortitis represents a common feature of large-vessel vasculitides but can also be isolated or associated with other rheumatologic conditions. Periaortitis can be idiopathic or secondary to a wide array of etiologies such as drugs, infections, malignancies, and other proliferative diseases. Notably, both aortitis and periaortitis may arise in the context of IgG4-related disease, a recently characterised fibro-inflammatory systemic disease. Prompt recognition, correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential in order to avoid life-threatening complications.     

清肺化痰汤通过抑制JAK2/STAT3通路上调CFTR的表达治疗COPD

目的:探索清肺化痰汤对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的治疗作用及其机制研究。方法:应用烟雾吸入联合脂多糖(LPS)灌肺复合素的方法,建立COPD大鼠模型,造模成功后将大鼠随机分为6组,分别为正常组,COPD模型组,清肺化痰汤低、中、高剂量组和氨溴索组。造模28 d后开始给药,清肺化痰汤低、中、高剂量7.5,15,30 g·kg~(-1),氨溴索35 mg·kg~(-1),连续给药14 d。免疫组化和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)检测肺组织囊性纤维化跨膜转导调节因子(CFTR)蛋白和mRNA的表达。应用LPS诱导NCI-H292细胞建立黏液高分泌模型,实验分为8组,分别为空白组,LPS组,LPS+10%胎牛血清,LPS+生理血清,LPS+5%含药血清,LPS+10%含药血清,LPS+20%含药血清,LPS+AG490组。免疫荧光、蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)和Real-time PCR观察LPS刺激后的NCI-H292细胞中CFTR蛋白和mRNA的表达,Western blot检测LPS刺激后的NCI-H292细胞中Janus激酶2/信号转导与转录激活因子3(JAK2/STAT3)信号通路表达。结果:正常组大鼠肺组织管腔周围有大量棕褐色颗粒,COPD表达升高,与正常组比较,模型组大鼠肺组织管腔周围的棕褐色颗粒极少,COPD表达较低。与正常组比较,COPD模型组大鼠肺组织中CFTR mRNA和蛋白表达明显降低(P0.05);与模型组比较,清肺化痰汤低、中、高剂量组明显升高大鼠肺组织CFTR mRNA和蛋白表达水平(P0.05)。与空白组比较,LPS组NCI-H292细胞CFTR mRNA和蛋白表达显著降低(P0.01),p-JAK2,p-STAT3蛋白表达明显升高(P0.05);与模型组比较,清肺化痰汤5%,10%,20%含药血清组明显升高CFTR mRNA和蛋白表达,明显降低p-JAK2,p-STAT3蛋白表达(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:清肺化痰汤通过抑制JAK2/STAT3通路来上调CFTR治疗COPD。     

血清铁蛋白诊断慢性肝病显著纤维化和肝硬化的临床价值

目的探讨血清铁蛋白在慢性肝病显著纤维化和肝硬化中的诊断价值。方法收集来我院诊疗的122例慢性肝病患者资料,均进行肝组织病理学检查,检测患者的肝纤维化4项、肝功能以及血清铁蛋白的水平,以肝穿刺的病理结果作为依据,比较血清铁蛋白与肝纤维化4项、血常规等指标对显著肝纤维化和肝硬化诊断价值的优劣,并采用Logistic回归分析探讨相关影响因素。结果血清铁蛋白、肝纤维化四项指标水平均与肝纤维化程度呈正相关,均随着肝纤维化分期增加而增加,并且在肝硬化时期最高(P<0.05)。对纤维化或肝硬化的可能影响因素进行单因素分析,结果发现血小板透明质酸、层黏蛋白、Ⅳ型胶原、Ⅲ型前胶原、血清铁蛋白等因素与显著纤维化有关;而白细胞计数、血小板、白蛋白、层黏蛋白、Ⅳ型胶原、Ⅲ型前胶原、血清铁蛋白等因素与肝硬化有关。ROC曲线分析血清铁蛋白对显著纤维化的诊断效能,曲线下面积为0.816(0.803~0.910),血清铁蛋白在截点值为138.17 ng/mL时,敏感度为82.0%,特异度为91.2%。ROC曲线分析血清铁蛋白对肝硬化的诊断效能,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.827(0.817~0.846),血清铁蛋白在截点值为160.25 ng/mL时,敏感度为82.4%,特异度为91.5%。结论血清铁蛋白、肝纤维化四项与慢性肝病显著纤维化和肝硬化程度有关,且以上方式简便、创伤性小、可重复性较强,对检测肝纤维化以及肝硬化程度具有良好的提示作用。     

老年肺纤维化合并肺气肿患者急性加重期病原学调查

目的：了解老年肺纤维化合并肺气肿（CPFE）患者急性加重时下呼吸道病原体分布及其耐药谱。方法入选2013年1月至2014年1月因急性加重在重庆医科大学附属第二医院和重庆市中山医院呼吸科住院的CPFE患者76例，分析痰培养与药敏试验结果。结果76例老年住院患者中，痰培养出88株病原体的患者68例，以革兰阴性菌及真菌为主，检出率位于前6位的病原体分别为鲍氏不动杆菌24株（27.3%）、白假丝酵母18株（20.5%）、肺炎克雷伯菌10株（11.4%）、铜绿假单胞菌8株（9.1%）、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌6株（6.8%）、阴沟肠杆菌6株（6.8%）。合并两种以上病原体感染的患者26例，对测试抗感染药物存在多药耐药。结论老年CPFE患者急性加重时，机会感染率高且耐药严重，应区分病因、予以合理的抗感染及糖皮质激素等治疗。     

Clinical and pathological correlations of marrow PUMA and P53 expressions in myelodysplastic syndromes

p53 is a key regulator of apoptosis. p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) is a critical mediator of p53‐dependent and independent apoptosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of p53 and PUMA to the prognosis of MDS. Bone marrow biopsies of MDS patients at the time of diagnosis (n = 76) and at the time of transformation (n = 19) were included in the study group. The expression of p53 and PUMA was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. When compared to the control group, both p53 (p < 0.001) and PUMA (p = 0.012) expression levels were significantly higher in MDS group. In MDS group, there was a moderate positive correlation between p53 and PUMA expressions. PUMA expression was not correlated with event free and overall survival. However, overall survival was significantly lower in cases with p53 expression in more than 50% of the cells. There was an increase in PUMA expression in cases that showed transformation as compared to the initial diagnostic bone marrows but was not statistically significant. The correlation that existed between p53 and PUMA was lost in transformed cases. Our results showed that PUMA and p53 expressions are increased in MDS marrows compared to normal marrows. PUMA expression increases further during transformation while the expression of p53 is not significantly altered which suggests that PUMA alterations might be a late event during the evolution of MDS.